Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS)

CCS comprises a three-part process: capture, transport, and storage. Primarily, the carbon capture stage involves isolating carbon dioxide produced from power plants and factories, typically through a process of chemical absorption, adsorption, membrane gas separation or cryogenics. The capture stage usually occurs post-combustion; however, there are ongoing innovations to capture carbon during the combustion process.

Once captured, the carbon dioxide is transported mainly via pipeline to a storage location. Carbon dioxide can also be transported by ships or trucks if the volumes are lesser or if the source and storage sites are far apart. Transport of carbon dioxide is a well-understood process, given its historical application in enhanced oil recovery projects.

The storage phase completes the CCS process. The carbon dioxide is injected into geological formations deep underground. These formations include depleted oil and gas reserves, deep saline aquifers and unused coal seams. It is essential that storage sites are carefully monitored to ensure the carbon dioxide does not leak into the atmosphere, hence provisions for rigorous site selection, characterization and monitoring procedures.

To conclude, Carbon Capture and Storage is a technologically advanced method to limit greenhouse gas emissions, albeit fraught with operational challenges and costs. It represents a strategic tool to address global climate change concerns while allowing for the continued use of fossil fuels during the gradual energy transition.